Expert Videos

Module 1: Understanding Head and Neck Cancer

What are Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck, and what causes them?

Robert Ferris, MD, PhD, of the UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, provides an overview of squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, the most common type of head and neck cancer. These cancers begin in the flat cells lining the mouth, throat, and voice box. Dr. Ferris explains that the main causes include tobacco and alcohol use, as well as HPV (human papillomavirus) infection. He highlights how these cancers can develop slowly and are often preventable. This video is a helpful resource for patients and families looking to better understand the causes of head and neck cancers.

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What are the signs and symptoms of Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancers?

In this video, Head and Neck Surgical Oncologist Dr. Robert Ferris, MD, PhD, provides an overview of the signs and symptoms of squamous cell head and neck cancers. Dr. Ferris explains that while many symptoms are common and not usually cancer-related, it's important to notice if they last longer than 3 to 4 weeks. Common signs include a sore throat, ear pain, a lump in the neck, hoarseness, mouth sores, bad breath, or difficulty swallowing. Symptoms like facial numbness, sinus pressure, or voice changes may also occur. These issues are usually persistent and don't go away quickly. If they persist, see your doctor, who may refer you to an ENT specialist for further evaluation.

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What are the risk factors of Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck?

Dr. Jonathan Irish, a head and neck surgical oncologist at the Princess Margaret Cancer Centre in Toronto, provides an overview of the key risk factors for head and neck cancers. He explains that the most common risks include tobacco use (including chewing tobacco and betel nut) and alcohol use, especially when combined. Certain viruses, like HPV and Epstein-Barr, are linked to specific cancer sites. Other risks include exposure to radiation, wood dust, and some chemicals. Genetics and ancestry can also play a role. Dr. Irish stresses that many cases can be prevented by making lifestyle changes, such as quitting smoking and reducing alcohol use.

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How are Squamous Cell Head and Neck Cancers diagnosed?

In this video, Dr. Robert Ferris explains how squamous cell head and neck cancers are diagnosed. Most people first see their family doctor or an ENT (ear, nose, and throat) specialist due to symptoms like a lump in the neck, hoarseness, or a sore that doesn't heal. The doctor may feel the neck and mouth or use a flexible camera (scope) through the nose or mouth to look at the throat and voice box. To confirm the diagnosis, a biopsy is needed, either by taking a tissue sample from the tumor or using a needle to remove cells from a neck lump. Sometimes, a short procedure under anesthesia is needed to reach deeper areas. The biopsy sample may also be tested for HPV, especially in cancers of the tonsils or base of the tongue.

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How are Squamous Cell Carcinomas of the Head and Neck treated?

In this video, Dr. Jonathan Irish explains how squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck are treated. Treatment may include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy—sometimes used in combination, especially for advanced cases. Dr. Irish explains that your care team will consider several factors, including your age, overall health, cancer stage, location, and whether it's HPV-related. Early-stage cancers may be treated with surgery or radiation, while more advanced cancers often require a combination of treatments. Some therapies are given before surgery (neoadjuvant) to shrink the tumor. Treatment can affect speaking, eating, and appearance, so your team may also include a reconstructive surgeon, dentist, dietitian, and speech-language pathologist. Ask your doctor about clinical trials, which may offer access to new treatments. The goal is to personalize care for the best outcome.

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Who will be on my healthcare team during my cancer treatment?

In this video, Dr. Jonathan Irish explains that treating head and neck cancer requires a highly experienced, team-based approach. You'll be supported by a core team that includes your surgeon, medical oncologist, radiation oncologist, and nursing staff. Behind the scenes, pathologists and radiologists help with diagnosis and imaging. Other essential team members include dentists who care for your teeth before, during, and after treatment; dietitians who support your nutrition and strength; and speech-language pathologists who help with swallowing, speech, and recovery after oral cancer treatment. Dr. Irish also talks about additional support from social workers, chaplains, and other specialists who care for your emotional and spiritual well-being. This team works together to guide you through every stage of treatment and recovery, ensuring the best possible outcome.

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What long-term rehabilitation or survivorship support options are available for Head and Neck Cancer?

Head and neck surgical oncologist Dr. Jonathan Irish explains the importance of ongoing care and support after treatment for head and neck cancer. Regular follow-up visits, including imaging and blood tests, help monitor for cancer recurrence and manage any lasting side effects. Long-term rehabilitation often includes speech and swallowing therapy, especially if treatment affected your ability to eat or talk. Dr. Irish highlights the importance of maintaining good dental health, which may require help from a specialized dentist. Some patients may need support for managing long-term pain or quitting tobacco. These services are provided by a team of healthcare professionals who work closely with you and your primary care provider. This ongoing care is key to maintaining your quality of life and preventing future health issues after cancer treatment.

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How will nurses help me during my cancer treatment?

In this video, Dr. Jonathan Irish highlights the vital role nurses play during head and neck cancer treatment. Nurses often serve as navigators or coordinators, helping to schedule appointments and ensure treatments happen at the right time. They also provide essential education, helping patients understand their treatment plan and what to expect. During radiation therapy, nurse specialists play a key role in managing side effects, such as skin irritation and soreness in the mouth or throat. They monitor your nutrition, help you maintain your weight, and support your ability to eat and drink. Nurses are a constant source of guidance and care, helping you stay as healthy and comfortable as possible throughout your treatment journey.

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This educational activity has been developed by Support for People with Oral and Head and Neck Cancer, Inc. (SPOHNC) in collaboration with Mechanisms in Medicine Inc.

This activity is supported by an independent educational grant from Merck.

Thank you to the funder of You And Head and Neck Cancer. All content is developed independently by SPOHNC and Mechanisms in Medicine Inc., in collaboration with an Expert Faculty group; the funder is allowed no influence on the content of You And Head and Neck Cancer: An Animated Patient^® Guide to Head and Neck Cancer.

Disclaimer: The information provided is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always consult your doctor about any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. The visuals provided are meant to be representations only. No specific brand is being promoted or endorsed.

This website is part of the Animated Patient^® series developed by Mechanisms in Medicine Inc., to provide highly visual formats of learning for patients to improve their understanding, make informed decisions, and partner with their healthcare professionals for optimal outcomes.